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Ralph le Bigod

Male - Bef 1260


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  • Name Ralph le Bigod 
    Born of Settingdon, Yorkshire, England Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Gender Male 
    Died Bef 28 Jul 1260 
    Person ID I6704  Petersen-de Lanskoy
    Last Modified 27 May 2021 

    Father Hugh le Bigod,   d. From 11 Feb 1224/1225 to 18 Feb 1224/1225 
    Mother Maud Marshal,   d. From 27 Mar 1248 to 29 Mar 1248 
    Married Abt 1207 
    Family ID F2736  Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

    Family Bertha de Ferrers,   d. Aft 1279 
    Married Aft 1240 
    Last Modified 28 May 2021 
    Family ID F2956  Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  • Notes 
    • RESEARCH_NOTES:
      1. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
      “*RALPH LE BIGOD, Knt., of Settington, Yorkshire, younger son. He married after 1240 BERTHA DE FERRERS,* widow of Thomas de Furnival (living 1240), of Sheffield, Yorkshire, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, etc. [see FURNIVAL 8], and daughter of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby, by Agnes, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Chester [see FERRERS 6 for her ancestry]. They had one son, John, Knt. Sometime after 1240 he released a messuage in Thorne and Baine, Yorkshire to his half-brother, John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, which messuage he evidently had by gift of his mother. In 1248 he carried his mother's body to Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire for burial. In 1259 he was fined 40 marks by the king for a hunting transgression. SIR RALPH LE BIGOD died testate shortly before 28 July 1260. His widow, Bertha, was living 1278/9, when she was fined 40s. She was buried at Grey Friars in Dunwich, Suffolk.
      (* Note: The maiden name and parentage of Bertha de Ferrers, wife successively of Thomas de Furnival (living 1240) and Ralph le Bigod (died 1260), has been overlooked in most modem sources, such as C.P. 5 (1926): 580 (sub Furnivalle). Dugdale refers to fines dated 54 Henry III [1269-70] to show that Bertha, widow of Thomas de Furnival, married (2nd) Ralph le Bigod [see Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 34-35]. Bertha's correct parentage was first noted in Bridges Hist. of Northampton 1 (1791): 485, followed by Baker Hist. of Northampton 1 (1822-1830): 122-123.)
      Thoroton & Throsby Thoroton's Hist. of Nottinghamshire 3 (1790): 388-391. Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 30-41. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertford 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Baker Hist. & Antiqs. of Northampton I (1822-30): 123 (Ferrers ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 478; 5 (1825): 270 (Abbey of Tintern - Lacy Gen.: "Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hogonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke et Matildæ prima filia Willihelmi Marescalli, &c. et frater Hugonis Bygod com. Norfolke et Suffolke. Iste Rogerus sive Radulphus desponsavit Bertam de Fornivale de quo Johannes Bigod, et ... Isabella soror Johannis, quæ primum desponsata fuit Gilberto de Lacy."). Holland Hist., Antiqs., & Desc. of the Town & Parish of Worksop (1826): 17-56. Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod), 225 (sub Furnival). Herald & Genealogist 3 (1866): 334-339. Jour. British Arch. Assoc. 30 (1874): 237-277. Yorkshire Arch. & Topog. Jour. 5 (1879): 69-71. Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. VCH Nottingham 2 (1910): 125-129. Jour. Royal Soc. Antiqs. Ireland 43 (1914): 11-14. C.P. 5 (1926): 580, footnote h (sub Furnivalle); 9 (1936): 590, footnote c (cites Harleian Chrs. 46, D 38, 40, 41; Add'l Chr. 7207). Yorkshire Arch. Jour. 32 (1936): 172-213. Early Yorkshire Charters 8 (1949): 176-177 (cites Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 1 (1890): 35 (A.313 and A.314). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod); 65: 1-2 (sub Bigod of Settrington). Tremlett et al. Rolls of Arms Henry III (H.S.P. 113-4) (1967): 144. VCH Suffolk 2 (1975): 125-126. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 13th Cent. (2005): chart opp. 1. Cassidy 1259 Pipe Reg. 229 (available at http://www.cmjk.com/1259/1259_pipe_roll.html).”

      2. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
      “THOMAS DE FURNIVAL, of Sheffield, Yorkshire, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, etc., son and heir, born after 1200. He married BERTHA DE FERRERS, daughter of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby, by Agnes, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Chester [see FERRERS 6 for her ancestry]. They had two sons, Gerard, Knt., and Thomas, Knt., and two daughters, Margaret (wife of Hugh de Neville and Hugh de Miton) and (wife of Roger de Mowbray, Knt.). He gave the grange of Fulwood to Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire. He and his brother, Gerard de Furnival, accompanied Simon de Montfort on crusade in 1240. THOMAS DE FURNIVAL killed by the Saracens at Damietta c.1240. His body brought back to England by his brother, Gerard de Furnival, and buried in the church at Worksop, Nottinghamshire. His widow, Bertha, married (2nd) after 1240 RALPH LE BIGOD [see ASKE 8], younger son of Hugh le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, by Maud, daughter of William Marshal, Knt., 4th Earl of Pembroke (or Strigoil), hereditary Master Marshal [see BIGOD 7 for his ancestry]. They had one son, John, Knt. Sometime after 1240 he released a messuage in Thorne and Baine, Yorkshire to his half-brother, John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey. In 1248 he carried his mother's body to Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire for burial. In 1259 he was fined 40 marks by the king for a hunting transgression. SIR RALPH LE BIGOD died testate shortly before 28 July 1260. His widow, Bertha, was living 1278/9, when she was fined 40s. At her death, she was buried at Grey Friars in Dunwich, Suffolk.
      Thoroton & Throsby Thoroton's Hist. of Nottinghamshire 3 (1790): 388-391. Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 30-41. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertfird 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Baker Hist. & Antiqs. of Northampton 1 (1822-30): 123 (Ferrers ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 478; 5 (1825): 270 (Abbey of Tintern - Lacy Gen.: "Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hogonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke et Matildæ primæ filiæ Willihelmi Marescalli, &c. et frater Hugonis Bygod com. Norfolke et Suffolke. Iste Rogerus sive Radulphus desponsavit Bertam de Fornivale de quo Johannes Bigod, et ... Isabella soror Johannis, qua primum desponsata fuit Gilberto de Lacy."); 6(1) (1830): 122-124; 6(2) (1830): 884-886. Holland Hist., Antiqs., & Desc. of the Town & Parish of Worksop (1826): 17-56. Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod), 225 (sub Furnival). Herald & Genealogist 3 (1866): 334-339. Jour. British Arch. Assoc. 30 (1874): 237-277. Yorkshire Arch. & Tops. Jour. 5 (1879): 69-71. Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. VCH Nottingham 2 (1910): 125-129. Clay Extinct & Dormant Peerages (1913): 81-83 (sub Furnival). Jour. Royal Soc. Antiqs. Ireland 43 (1914): 11-14. C.P. 5 (1926): 580, footnote h (sub Furnivalle); 9 (1936): 590, footnote c (cites Harleian Chrs. 46, D 38, 40, 41; Add'l Chr. 7207). Yorkshire Arch. Jour. 32 (1936): 172-213. Early Yorkshire Charters 8 (1949): 176-177 (cites Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 1 (1890): 35 (A.313 and A.314). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod); 65: 1-2 (sub Bigod of Settrington); 241:2-3. Tremlett et al. Rolls of Arms Henry III (H.S.P. 113-4) (1967): 144. VCH Suffolk 2 (1975): 125-126. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 13th Cent. (2005): chart opp. 1. Cassidy 1259 Pipe Roth 229 (available at http://www.cmjk.com/1259/1259_pipe_roll.html).
      Child of Thomas de Furnival, by Bertha de Ferrers:
      i. THOMAS DE FURNIVAL, Knt. [see next].
      ii. ___ DE FURNIVAL, married ROGER DE MOWBRAY, Knt., of Thirsk, Yorkshire [see MOWBRAY 2].
      Child of Bertha de Ferrers, by Ralph le Bigod, Knt:
      i. JOHN LE BIGOD, Knt., of Stockton, Norfolk, married (1st) [see ASKE 9]; (2nd) ISABEL [see ASKE 9].”

      3. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
      “HUGH LE BIGOD, 5th Earl of Norfolk, hereditary Steward of the Household, hereditary Warden of Romford Forest, son and heir. He married probably before Lent 1207 MAUD MARSHAL, eldest daughter of William Marshal, Knt., 4th Earl of Pembroke (or Strigoil), hereditary Master Marshal, by Isabel, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert (nicknamed "Strongbow"), 2nd Earl of Pembroke (or Strigoil) [see MARSHAL 3 for her ancestry]. They had four sons, Roger, Knt. [6th Earl of Norfolk], Hugh, Knt., Ralph, Knt., and possibly William, and one daughter, Isabel. In 1215 he and his father joined the confederacy of the barons against the king. Both father and son were selected to be one of the twenty-five barons elected to guarantee the observance of Magna Carta, signed by King John 15 June 1215. In consequence, Hugh and his father were among the barons excommunicated by Pope Innocent III 16 Dec. 1215. He made homage for the Earldom of Norfolk 2 August 1221. In the period, 1221-5, he granted the homage and service of Hervey the baker and the tenement he held in Heveningharn, Suffolk to Sibton Abbey, Suffolk. In the same period, he granted the manor of Stockton, Norfolk to Hamo Lenveise. In the same period, he granted land in Mettingham, Suffolk to John Fitz Augustine. HUGH LE BIGOD, 5th Earl of Norfolk, died between 11 Feb. and 18 Feb. 1224/5. In May 1225 his widow, Maud, granted land in Stockton, Norfolk to her son, Ralph le Bigod. Maud married (2nd) before 13 October 1225 (as his 2nd wife) WILLIAM DE WARENNE, 6th Earl of Surrey [see WARENNE 8], son and heir of Hamelin, 5th Earl of Surrey, Vicomte of Touraine, by Isabel, daughter and heiress of William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey [see WARENNE 7 for his ancestry]. They had one son, John, Knt. [7th Earl of Surrey], and one daughter, Isabel. In 1226-7 Mary daughter of William de Newmarch, of Cateby, Yorkshire, granted to Maud Bigot, countess of Warenne and Norfolk, the hermitage of St. Margaret's, Cateby on the Don, with land in Eadrnunde croft, and common of pasture for the cattle of the hermitage, rendering yearly to the grantor at Easter white gloves. In 1227 he joined the Earl of Cornwall at Stamford in his revolt against the king, but at Christmas was with the king at York. In 1229 he was about the make a voyage on the king's service. He was heir in 1234 to his sister, Isabel de Warenne, widow of Gilbert de l'Aigle. In 1236 he acted as Butler at the Coronation of Queen Eleanor of Provence, in place of his son-in-law, Hugh, Earl of Arundel. In 1238 he was cited to appear before Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, because mass has been celebrated in the earl's hall at Grantham, Lincolnshire. SIR WILLIAM DE WARENNE, 6th Earl of Surrey, died testate in London 27 May 1240, and was buried in the priory church of Lewes, Sussex. In the period, 1240-6 his widow, Maud, granted a tenement in Thorne, Yorkshire to Richard de Otley her chaplain. In 1241 she granted Sir Adam de Newmarch and his heirs a water-course and ditch in Balne, Yorkshire from Flaxcleyker to the Dike to be 8 feet wide and 4 feet deep. In the period, 1241-5, she granted land in Stockton, Norfolk to her son, Ralph le Bigod. Maud was co-heiress in 1245 to her brother, Anselm Marshal, 9th Earl of Pembroke, by which she inherited the marshalcy of England and honour of Chepstow, Monmouthshire. In 1246-8 she confirmed the union of Kilkenny Abbey with Duiske Abbey. In 1246-8 she granted three silver marks of annual rent to St. George's Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk. Maud, Marshal of England, Countess of Norfolk and Warenne, died 27 (or 29) March 1248.
      Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum Abbrevatio (1811): 56. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertford 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 475, 478 (charter of Maud, Marshal of England, Countess of Norfolk and Warenne); 5 (1825): 266 (Obit. of Tintern Abbey: "Matilda Comitissa Warennæ obiit xxix. die Martii."). Lipscomb Hist. & Antiqs. of Buckingham 1(1847): 200-201 (Clare ped.). Jour. British Arch. Assoc. (1865): 91-103. Luard Annales Monastici 2 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1865): 300 (Annals of Waverley sub A.D. 1225: "Obiit Hugo Bigot comes Norfolchiæ."). Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod). Matthew of Paris Chronica Majora 2 (Rolls Ser. 57) (1874): 604-605, 642-644. Clark Earls, Earldom, & Castle of Pembroke (1880): 69-75. Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. Doyle Official Baronage of England 2 (1886): 576 (sub Norfolk); 3 (1886): 470-471 (sub Surrey). Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 1 (1890): 35, 38; 3 (1900): 137; 5 (1906): 97. Birch Cat. Seals in the British Museum 2 (1892): 378 (seal of Maud Marshal, wife of William de Warenne, dated 1241-5 - Obverse. Pointed oval. Standing, wearing a long dress and cloak, between two elegantly designed scrolls of foliage. Legend wanting. Reverse. A shield of arms: chequy [WARENNE]. Remainder of the design and legend wanting). Moore Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Johannis Baptiste de Colecestria 1 (1897): 172-173 (charter of William, Earl Warenne dated c.1215). VCH Norfolk 2(1906): 354-356. VCH Hampshim 4 (1911): 51-56. VCH Hertford 3 (1912): 232-240. Procs. Royal Irish Academy 35 (1918-20): 79-80 (undated charter of Maud, Marshal of England, Countess of Norfolk and Warenne; charter witnessed by her sons, Hugh le Bigod and Ralph le Bigod). Thompson Liber Vita Ecclesia Dunelmenis (Surtees Soc. 136) (1923): fo. 63b. VCH Berkshire 4 (1924): 178-183. Edwards Cal. Ancient Corr. Concerning Wales (Board of Celtic Studies, Hist. & Law 2) (1935): 29. C.P. 9 (1936): 589-590 (sub Norfolk); 10 (1945): 364, footnote a (sub Pembroke). Clay Early Yorkshire Charters 8 (1949): 24-26. VCH Sussex 4 (1953): 160-165, 183. Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod); 65: 1-2 (sub Bigod of Settrington). Sanders English Baronies (1960): 47. Cheney Letters of Pope Innocent III 1198-1216 (1967): 172. VCH Somerset 4 (1978): 38-52. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies 1 (Suffolk Chatters?) (1985): 25, 58, 96; 2 (Suffolk Charters 8) (1986): 284-285 (charter of Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk dated 1221-1225; charter names his wife, Countess Maud). Harper-Bill Dodnash Priory Charters (Suffolk Rec. Soc. 16) (1998): 83-86, 111. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 1311 Cent (2005): opp. 1 (chart), 2-3, 212-213 (list of charters of Hugh le Bigod), 213 (list of charters of Maud Marshal). National Archives, E 40/339 (grant by [Ada]m de Reinevil to Maud Bigote, Countess of Warenne, of the homage and service of Agnes, daughter of Jordan de la Felede (i.e., 5 solidates of rent per annum), Richard son of Elyas, Humfrey, son of Robert Palmer, William, son of Robert Palmer (i.e., 2 solidates of rent and two sticks of eels per annum), William de Marisco [Marsh] and Constance de Reinevill, for tenements they held of him in Bramwich and Braint hund(des); also all his water called 'Brainthunddesmere' and the right of fishing therein, and all right he has in the water of Don; paying yearly a pair of gloves or Id. at Easter, and saving to him and his heirs the scutage of the said tenements when it falls due.) (available at www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search.asp).
      Children of Hugh le Bigod, by Maud Marshal:
      i. ROGER LE BIGOD, Knt., 6th Earl of Norfolk, hereditary Steward of the Household, hereditary Warden of Romford Forest, Chief Justice Itinerant in cos. Essex and Hertford, 1234, Marshal of England, 1246 (in right of his mother), Warden of the Town and Castle of Tulac, 1249, Warden of the Coast of Norfolk and Suffolk, 1257, Privy Councillor, 1258, Joint Guardian of England, 1259, Constable of Colchester and Orford Castles, son and heir, born about 1209. He may have been the unnamed son of Hugh le Bigod who was held hostage by King John during the civil war of 1215-17, and whose capture perhaps occurred when Framlingham was surrendered to royalist forces in March 1216. He married at Alnwick, Northumberland 1 June 1225 ISABEL OF SCOTLAND, daughter of William the Lion, King of Scots, by Ermengarde, daughter of Richard de Beaumont, Vicomte of Beaumont [see SCOTLAND 4 for her ancestry]. They had no issue. While still under age, he entered into his inheritance in 1228. He was knighted by King Henry III at Gloucester in 1233. He unsuccessfully disputed Simon de Montfort's claim to the Stewardship at the Coronation of Queen Eleanor. In 1242 he served the king in the early part of the disastrous campaign in Poitou. In 1245 he was chief of the English delegation to the Council of Lyons, and chief of the plenipotentiarires to treat of peace between the Emperor and the Pope. The same year he repudiated his wife, nominally on the ground of consanguinity. He was compelled by ecclesiastical sentence to take her back in 1253. The king confirmed his mother's commission of the marshalcy to him in 1246. In 1253 he witnessed a sentence of excommunication and anathema against violators of the liberties of the church and of the realm. In 1254 he brought over the king's message to the Grand Council for a supply of money. In 1257 he was member of an abortive embassy to France to demand certain rights. In 1258 he served as one of the ambassadors to attend the conference at Cambray. His wife, Isabel, appears to have been living in Gloucestershire in October 1263. Her exact date of death is unknown, but she was buried in the Black Friars, London. In 1270 he wrote the king asking him to allow Roger, son of his brother Hugh, to be his attorney as Marshal. SIR ROGER LE BIGOD, 6th Earl of Norfolk, died 3 (or 4) July 1270, and was buried 10 July at Thetford, Norfolk. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertford 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 478; 5 (1825): 744 (charter of Isabel d'Aubeney, Countess of Arundel; charter witnessed by her brothers, Sir Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, Sir Hugh Bigod, and John de Warenne). Norfolk Arch. 4 (1855): 92 (seal of Roger le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk). Jour. British Arch. Assoc. (1865): 91-103. Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod). Luard Annales Monastici 4 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1869): 235 (Annals of Oseney sub A.D. 1270- "Eodem anno obiit quinto nonas Julii [3 July] Rogerus Bigod marescallus Angliæ."). Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. Doyle Official Baronage of England 2 (1886): 577 (sub Norfolk). Birch Cat. Seals in the British Museum 2 (1892): 250 (seal of Roger le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk dated 1232-1234 - Obverse. To the right. In armour: hauberk of mail, surcoat, flat-topped helmet with vizor down, sword, shield of arms: a cross, in base, a lion passant. Reverse. A smaller counterseal. A shield of arms: a cross [BIGOD]. Legend: SECRETVM • ROGERI • COMMS • NORFOLCHIE.), 250-251 (seal of Roger le Bigod, as Marshal of England dated 1255- To the right. In armour: hauberk of mail, surcoat, flat-topped helmet with vizor down, A shield of arms. Horse caparisoned. Arms: a cross [BIGOD]. Legend: SECR • R • COMITIS • [NOR]F’ • MAR' • ANGLIE. Beaded borders.). C.Ch.R 1 (1903): 72. Dunbar Scottish Kings (1906): 76-86. D.N.B. 2 (1908): 487-488 (biog. of Roger Bigod). VCH Hampshire 4(1911): 51-56. VCH Berkshire 4(1924): 178-183. C.P. 9 (1936): 590-593 (sub Bigod). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod). Ross Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey 1 (1964): 68-69. Tremlett et al. Rolls of Arms Henry III (H.S.P. 113-4) (1967): 38 (Matthew Paris shields - arms of Roger le Bigod: Or, a cross gules), 116 (Glover's Roll - arms of Roger le Bigod: "or ove une croix de gales). Clanchy Civil Pleas of the Wiltshire Eyre 1249 (Wiltshire Rec. Soc. 26) (1971): 120. Clanchy Roll & Writ of the Berkshire Eyre of 1248 (Selden Soc. 90) (1973): 199. Brown Sibton Abbey Cartularies 1 (Suffolk Charters 7) (1985): 31, 51, 85; 2 (Suffolk Charters 8) (1986): 275-276, 307-308, 313-315; 3 (Suffolk Charters 9) (1987): 84-85, 220. Fryde Handbook of British Chron. (1986): 58. Curia Regis Rolls 18 (1999): 130-131, 275, 291, 329, 338; 19 (2002): 25-26, 29, 77, 86, 217, 296, 307, 384, 395-396, 413. Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain (2001): lxiii-lxv (sub Scottish Royal Lineage). Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 131h Cent. (2005): opp. 1 (chart), 3-3.
      ii. HUGH LE BIGOD, Knt. [see next].
      iii. RALPH LE BIGOD, Knt., of Settrington, Yorkshire, married BERTHA DE FERRERS [see ASKE 8; FURNIVAL 8].
      iv. RICHARD LE BIGOD, clerk. Auvray Registres de Grégoire IX 2 (1907): 93 (indulgence dated 1235 for Richard, clerk, "nepoti nobilium virorum [filiorum] marescalli Anglie, comitis Pambroch, et ... comitis Norfulcie germano").
      v. ISABEL LE BIGOD, married (1st) GILBERT DE LACY, of Ewyas Lacy, Herefordshire [see VERDUN 3]; (2nd) JOHN FITZ GEOFFREY, Knt., of Shere, Surrey [see VERDUN 3].”